CKKS — Addition and Multiplication
Summary
CKKS — Addition and Multiplication explains how CKKS ciphertexts support addition and multiplication, including the structure of ciphertexts, the impact of scaling, and the growth of error during operations. The article provides concrete Python code snippets for adding ciphertexts and forming degree-2 ciphertexts for multiplication, and discusses practical techniques like relinearization and rescaling to manage noise and decoding. It’s a hands-on tutorial that connects mathematical concepts to implementable cryptographic routines.